Founded in 1854 in tandem with Bosque County, Meridian was platted by George B. Erath on the east bank of the North Bosque River. A log courthouse was built the same year, and until after the Civil War all structures were built of logs. The Gulf, Colorado and Santa Fe Railway was built through the county in 1881 but located its station 1.3 miles east of Meridian. Unlike other towns, Meridian did not move to the rail line but prospered nonetheless as a shipping center. Meridian was the boyhood home of American folklorist John A. Lomax, and it is where he began collecting cowboy ballads.
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