Styles

Refers to art created by non-professional artists or artisans who have not had formal training and are often self-taught. It typically displays the artist's poor grasp of anatomy and lacks mastery of conventional perspective and other hallmarks of trained artists. It includes painting, sculpture, embroidery, quilts, toys, ships' figureheads, decoys, painted targets, and other objects, and often refers to such objects created specifically in 19th- and 20th-century Europe and North America. It is generally distinguished from "outsider art," which includes the more extravagant psychotic drawings and other art created or collected according to a philosophy of the avoidance of, rather than simply a lack of, traditional training. It is also usually distinct from "folk art," which is created according to specific cultural traditions.

Refers to the culture of the Nanticoke, a confederacy of Algonkian-speaking Indians who have lived along the eastern shore of what are now Maryland and southern Delaware. Their culture is related to that of the Delaware and the Conoy. The name Nanticoke means Tidewater People. Today, the Nanticoke are known today as the "Nanticoke Indian Tribe" in Delaware and the "Nanticoke Lenni-Lenape Tribal Nation" in New Jersey.

Refers to the culture of the Narragansett, an Algonkian-speaking Indian tribe that occupied most of what is now the state of Rhode Island west of Narragansett Bay.

Refers to the culture of a North American Indian tribe that inhabited the east side of the lower Mississippi River when European settlers arrived in the area in the early 18th century. Their language was of the Macro-Algonquian phylum, Muskogean family; their culture was agricultural and related to other Muskogean tribes. They are often considered the last survivors of the great Mississippian culture. Their imagery is characterized by references to sun worship, fire, and their midsummer Green Corn festival. Their culture declined and their people were dispersed after the arrival of Europeans. Many Natchez fled to join with the Cherokee or Mvskoke (Creek); today many of their descendents live in the Cherokee and Mvskoke communities in Oklahoma.

Typically reserved to refer narrowly to the cultures of the native peoples of the United States and Canada, excluding the Eskimos and Aleuts. For the indigenous peoples of Canada use the term "First Nations." For the broader concept of the cultures of any native peoples of Central America, South America, North America, or the West Indies who are considered to belong to the Mongoloid division of the human species, use "Amerindian (culture)."

Styles belonging to Native Chaco cultures.

The style and culture of a populous North American Indian group who live primarily in New Mexico, Arizona, and Utah, speaking an Apachean language which is classified in the Athabaskan language family. At some point in prehistory, the Navajo and Apache migrated to the Southwest from Canada, where most other Athabaskan-speaking peoples still live; although the exact timing of the relocation is unknown, it is thought to have been between 1100 and 1500 CE. These early Navajo were mobile hunters and gatherers; after moving to the Southwest, however, they adopted many of the practices of the sedentary, farming Pueblo Indians near whom they settled.

No description available for this term.

Post-1945 art movement beginning in Russia, organized by Lev Nusberg (born 1937), Francisco Infante (born 1943) and Vyacheslav Koleychuk (born 1941).

Refers to the style of art, predominantly of painting, inspired by German Expressionism that gained popularity in Italy, Germany, and America in the late 1970s and early 1980s. The style is characterized by large, figurative works, crudely and rapidly painted, often with objects imbedded in their surfaces, such as broken plates or straw.

Refers to the French style in architecture and decorative arts during the Second Empire from 1852 to 1871 and characterized by polychromy and decorative motifs such as griffins, masks, lotus buds, and the Greek fret pattern. An eclectic form of Neoclassicism, it was inspired by Greece, Rome, Egypt, and archaeological discoveries in Pompeii as well as the Adam and Louis XVI styles.

No description available for this term.

Refers to the style of European and American architecture and fine and decorative arts between the mid-18th century and the mid-19th century inspired by archaeological discoveries in the Mediterranean and Near East and characterized by the imitation of Greek and Roman forms and motifs. Also considered a reaction to Rococo opulence, Neoclassical works are often linear, symmetrical, and even severe.

Describes elements of the built environment, primarily in newly constructed suburban areas of the United States, characterized by a mix of land uses, spaces and buildings scaled to pedestrians, public green space, and an emphasis on mass transit rather than on automobiles, elements typical of traditional American small towns; popular from the 1980s. For the American planning movement incorporating neotraditional design principles, use "New Urbanism."

Use with reference to projects sponsored by any of the United States government programs established under the New Deal administration and operating at various times between 1933 and 1943.

Refers to the international movement in architecture begun in the late-1970s. The style is characterized by a combination of a Late-Modernist emphasis on function, technology and purity with Deconstructionist notions of complexity and displacement.

The planning movement in the United States of the 1990s espousing a return to traditional small-town design features for newly constructed suburbs or redeveloped urban neighborhoods. To describe the architectural elements of the movement, incorporating such features as pedestrian spaces, mass transit, and mixed land use, use "Neotraditional."

Culture and style of the Nez Percé Native American people, who now live in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States. It is believed they descended from the Old Cordilleran Culture, which moved from the Rocky Mountains.

Refers specifically to Abstract art in which the forms have had no beginning or reference to nature.

Refers to the period and style associated with the Normans, who were Norsemen from Denmark, Norway, and Iceland who raided the European coasts in the eighth and ninth centuries CE, settled in northern France in the early tenth century, reigned over the indigenous Frankish population, adopted their language, and eventually founded the duchy of Normandy. From Normandy, the Normans expanded to the British Isles, southern Italy, and Sicily. The style is particularly evident in designs of weapons and armor, the motte-and-bailey castle, and grand Romanesque ecclesiastical and monastic structures. The style is characterized by the brilliant adaptation and exploitation of indigenous local styles combined with some influences of the Byzantine east, which were introduced to the area by Norman adventurers and pilgrims.

Refers to the 19th-century English architectural style based on Norman forms and motifs such as round arches, battlements, and barrel and groin vaults.

Styles belonging to Northwest Coast Native American cultures.

Refers to the culture of the modern nation of Norway, or in general to the cultures that have occupied the western part of the Scandinavian peninsula in northwestern Europe.